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Analysis
crypto-trading-bots-tax.md
Crypto trading bots: wealth management or economic activity?
Operating with crypto-assets through a bot or an automated algorithm does not, in itself, turn the activity into an economic activity. The DGT (V2232-25) confirms that buying and selling for oneself, …
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regularising-inherited-bitcoin.md
Regularising inherited or gifted bitcoin: limitation and asset surfacing
Discovering or recovering bitcoin inherited or gifted years ago and wanting to surface it is not resolved with a simple sale. Before monetising, the documentary chain of origin must be reconstructed: …
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paying-with-bitcoin-transfer-tax.md
ITPAJD: paying for a property with bitcoins is a barter
Handing over bitcoins as consideration in the transfer of an asset is not, for civil-law and tax purposes, equivalent to paying in money. The DGT, in ruling V0935-25, characterises the sale of a …
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p2p-bitcoin-source-of-funds.md
No-KYC bitcoin, p2p trading and proof of the source of funds
A good deal of bitcoiner activity lives outside the classic exchange circuit: purchases between private parties, early self-custody, movements between one’s own wallets. The error of the simplistic …
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beckham-law-crypto.md
The impatriate regime (Beckham Law) and the location of cryptocurrencies
Under the special regime of Article 93 LIRPF, the decisive question for crypto-assets is one of location. For self-custody, the DGT takes the view that cryptocurrencies are located in Spain —for IRNR …
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crypto-airdrops-tax.md
Airdrops and free distributions: how they are taxed
Receiving tokens for free through an airdrop is classified as a capital gain not arising from a disposal, included in the general base of personal income tax (IRPF) at its market value on the date of …
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crypto-mining-tax.md
Crypto mining: economic activity, income and expenses
Crypto mining, where it is carried on habitually and with an organisation of means, qualifies as an economic activity for personal income tax (IRPF): the rewards are taxed within the general base at …
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crypto-reporting-obligations.md
Crypto reporting obligations: 721, 172/175, 042, DAC8 and CARF
Crypto-asset reporting in 2026 is no longer a still picture. It is worth distinguishing the rules still applicable to earlier years (Form 721 and Forms 172 and 173) from the transition under way, …
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crypto-wealth-tax-spain.md
Crypto-assets in Wealth Tax and the Solidarity Tax on Large Fortunes
The DGT has a clear valuation criterion: crypto-assets are declared in Wealth Tax (IP) at their market value as at 31 December. What can no longer be analysed in isolation is the effect of the …
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dao-governance-tokens-tax.md
DAOs and governance tokens: income, gain or taxable person?
Governance tokens received for taking part in a protocol allow up to three classifications depending on the context: income from an economic activity, investment income or a capital gain. Ruling …
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defi-lending-yield-tax.md
DeFi: lending, yield and decentralised protocols
DeFi is no longer a doctrinal desert: ruling V0648-24 engages with several common operations in the ecosystem and allows the income obtained from the economic transfer of crypto-assets to be …
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dex-liquidity-lp-tokens-tax.md
DEX liquidity provision: LP tokens and impermanent loss
Contributing two assets to a liquidity pool yields LP tokens representing the share in the pool. V0648-24 already classifies the income obtained from that share as investment income, but expressly …
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selling-swapping-crypto.md
Disposal and exchange of crypto-assets: capital gains and losses
Selling or swapping crypto-assets outside a business activity gives rise to a capital gain or loss in personal income tax (IRPF). The taxable event arises when ownership of the asset is lost —not when …
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exit-tax-crypto.md
Exit tax and crypto-assets: what Article 95 bis LIRPF does and does not tax
The exit tax of Article 95 bis LIRPF does not, today, tax direct holdings of bitcoin, ether or other crypto-assets held personally: its objective scope is shares and interests in entities. That …
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crypto-hacks-losses-tax.md
Hacking, scams and crypto-asset losses
It can no longer be maintained that every loss in the crypto ecosystem is deductible, nor that there is no applicable doctrine. Ruling V1828-24 admits the capital loss from a cyber-scam with an …
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holding-crypto-through-a-company.md
Holding crypto-assets through a company: IS, related-party transactions and interposition
The comparison between paying tax through IRPF or through a company cannot stop at the headline rate: the question is whether the income is reinvested or extracted, because extraction carries a later …
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crypto-inheritance-gift-tax.md
Inheritance and gift of crypto-assets: tax and access planning
Inheriting bitcoin has two planes that are almost never thought of together. The tax plane: the latent gain is extinguished on death (Article 33.3.b LIRPF), the valuation in Inheritance Tax fixes the …
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nft-creation-tax.md
NFT creation: economic activity or capital gain?
For the NFT creator, the classification in IRPF depends on whether there is a genuine organisation of means typical of an economic activity. For a creator who mints, promotes and markets in an …
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nft-buying-selling-tax.md
NFTs: buying, selling and creating (IRPF and VAT)
For the investor who buys and sells NFTs, the regime is that of any other crypto-asset: a capital gain or loss within the savings base. For the creator, the classification depends on whether there is …
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non-residents-crypto-spain.md
Non-residents with crypto-assets and their connection to Spain
Taxing a non-resident who holds crypto-assets calls for avoiding knee-jerk assumptions. The first question is not whether there is an exchange or custodian connected to Spain, but whether the specific …
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crypto-staking-rewards-tax.md
Staking and validation: taxation of rewards
The DGT classifies staking rewards as investment income from the transfer of one’s own capital to third parties, included in the savings base of personal income tax (IRPF). The criterion applies where …
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swapping-to-stablecoins-tax.md
Swapping to stablecoins: capital gain or neutrality?
For the DGT, swapping bitcoin or ether for a stablecoin such as USDC or USDT is an exchange between distinct crypto-assets and therefore a barter that gives rise to a capital gain or loss, even though …
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wrapping-bridging-crypto-tax.md
Wrapping and bridging: a change in net worth?
Wrapping bitcoin into WBTC, or moving ether from one network to another via a bridge, are technical operations that do not change the economic exposure to the underlying asset. On a strict reading, …
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